Song of the Burial
- Poetry of Cao Cao

《蒿里行》

English Rendering

Heroes in the east rise in revolt,

Attacking traitors like a thunderbolt.

When they raise troops to put rebellions down,

They plan to meet again in the capital town.


As the troops cannot be of one mind,

They hesitate and therefore fall behind.

They begin to fight against each other 

And even plot against their own brother.

The younger brother ascends the throne 

While the elder keeps a seal of his own.


Meanwhile,the soldiers are beset by lice 

And the people suffer worthless sacrifice.

Dead bodies scatter in the open air;

Not even cockcrow is heard anywhere.

The high death rate is beyond belief;

At thought of this,I'm benumbed with grief.

Song of the Burial by Cao Cao
Song of the Burial by Cao Cao

Original Text (中文原文)

关东有义士,兴兵讨群凶。

初期会盟津,乃心在咸阳。

军合力不齐,踌躇而雁行。

势利使人争,嗣还自相戕。

淮南弟称号,刻玺于北方。

铠甲生虮虱,万姓以死亡。

白骨露于野,千里无鸡鸣。

生民百遗一,念之断人肠。

Analysis & Context

This poem, inspired by an ancient Yuefu inscription, captures the turmoil of the warlords' strife during the later Han Dynasty, vividly illustrating the suffering endured by the common people. Serving as a "poetic chronicle" of its time, it critiques the harsh realities of the era. Using the form of a folk song, the poet conveys profound sorrow and empathy for those trapped in the chaos of war, while vehemently condemning those responsible for their misery. Marked by a plain yet grave and somber tone, the poem reflects the poet's deep concern as both a statesman and military tactician. Rich in allusions and imagery, it highlights Cao Cao's unique and evocative literary style.

Reader's Companion

The Essence of the Verse

Classical Chinese poetry thrives on Concision and Ambiguity. Without tense or number, the words create a timeless space where the reader becomes the co-creator of the poem's meaning.

Reading Between the Lines

Look for Contrasts: light and shadow, movement and stillness. Don't just translate the words; feel the Yijing (artistic conception) that lingers long after the last character.

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